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Leading and Lagging Indicators, Achieving a Balance (Joe DiNapoli,
1998)
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How would you like a trading methodology that gives you predefined entry levels,
reasonably tight stops, and precalculated profit objectives as soon as you enter
the move? We're not through. Add to that a very high percentage of winning
trades. This is not only the promise but it can also be the reality of properly
mixing high quality leading and lagging indicators in an overall trading
methodology.
Almost every technical indicator is a lagging indicator. Moving averages,
MACD, the RSI, Stochastics, you name it, we're talking lagging indicators. First
there's a move in price, then sometime later in the game, the indicator signals
buy or sell. That's why lagging indicators are called lagging indicators. They
lag behind market action. They give signals after the fact. Leading indicators,
on the other hand, tell us ahead of time where the market is likely to find
support or where the market is likely to find resistance. Most traders who have
attempted to use leading indicators have looked toward some form of overbought
or oversold oscillator. Most oscillators, however, are in the camp of coincident
or lagging indicators. They may tell us when a market is at a resistant point or
when a market is at a support level, but typically they do not give us useful
information ahead of time.
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ABOUT
THE AUTHOR |
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 Name:
Joe DiNapoli
Website:
www.fibtrader.com
Joe is a veteran trader with over 30 years of
solid market trading experience. He is also a
dogged and thorough researcher, an internationally
recognized lecturer, and a widely acclaimed
author.
Click Here for Complete
Bio
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Traders rightfully view the use of leading indicators as a dangerous
enterprise because few traders understand how to place a true leading
indicator in the proper context to achieve the desired results. The trick
is to achieve the proper balance by mixing leading and lagging indicators
across time frames. If we can accomplish this objective, we can come up
with a trading approach which is far superior to using either of the two
exclusively. Let's look at the problem more closely. Traders, being
rational human beings, prefer lagging indicators because they want the
comfort level of seeing a market already in a move prior to their entry.
Unfortunately, this kind of comfort comes at a price. Once the lagging
indicator is firmly established in a given direction, everyone else sees
the move and everyone else is getting in at about the same time. Those who
provide the necessary liquidity to fill the orders of the lagging
indicator traders need to make their profit, so now we're ready for a
retracement. This retracement is typically to the area where the lagging
indicator players put their stop. The net result is the lagging indicator
trader may be right on market direction, but is all too often stopped out
before the market goes the way he knew it would all along. So how do we
overcome this situation? Buy precalculated dips in an overall uptrend.
Sell precalculated rallies in an overall downtrend. We determine the
location of such dips and rallies with high quality leading indicators.
In my trading career I have found only two leading indicators that have
the reliability necessary to justify employing them. The first is the
Oscillator Predictor, a study I created in the early Eighties. It is a
derivative of a detrended oscillator. It tells me a day ahead of time
where the market will find support or resistance. It does not tell me that
the market will get to those points, it only tells me that if the market
gets to those points, there will be substantial support or resistance. The
second leading indicator that I use, and have developed considerably, is
derived from an advanced form of Fibonacci analysis that I refer to as
DiNapoli Levels. By combining varieties of expansions and retracements in
unique ways, a trader is able to determine ahead of time, very accurately,
where the market is likely to find tradable support or tradable resistance
in an ongoing move. It doesn't matter whether they're on a one minute
chart or a monthly chart; these levels are consistent throughout. The
problem, however, with this very accurate leading indicator, as with all
leading indicators, is that it is of little value in buying support in a
strong down move or in selling resistance in a strong up move unless
you're just looking to scalp the market for a very brief trade. That's why
you need a strong context for the trade. Here's how it works.
First, determine the context for the trade using lagging indicators.
Then establish the entry level using a high quality leading indicator.
Continue to use the leading indicator to find a stop placement point. In
the case of an uptrend, this would be below a substantial support level.
In the case of a downtrend, the stop would be above a substantial
resistance level. Notice I don't use money stops. If the stop is too large
for money management criteria, simply don't take the trade. Since the stop
placement point is known ahead of time, it's easy to make that
calculation. Once the stop and entry are in place, it is now possible to
calculate an expansion level (leading indicator) to take profits. The
closing order is placed in the market immediately upon making this
calculation. Do not wait for the market to get there and see what happens.
If you are using high quality leading indicators, the advantages of
this type of trading are substantial. You can achieve an extremely high
percentage of winning trades. In addition, your orders will be filled with
a minimum of slippage, because you are buying a dip when the market is
coming at you and you're selling a rally when the market is advancing. If
you're trading size, this can be a huge advantage as compared with
initiating a trade with buy stops or sell stops. If you're trading a two
lot, this approach can be significantly beneficial on your execution as
well, but more on that later. Is there a downside? Obviously! It takes
some experience to learn just how to employ the techniques. Let's say the
market approach you're using to determine the direction has indicated a
strong upmove. You're buying a dip within that upmove but you placed your
entry order too conservatively, on a support point that is not reached.
The market takes off without you. If you do this repeatedly and you're
right eight out of 10 times about the overall market direction, you're
oing to be filled only on the two times you're wrong! This can be
frustrating to say the least and underlines the need for the accurate use
and thorough knowledge of high quality leading indicators to make the
methodology work. Another problem arises when you're taking profit
objectives. You come to a clear point of resistance, you clear your trade,
and the market keeps going. If you're not a disciplined trader, you may
end up getting right back in "at the market", just as the market
is about to have a serious correction. If you're managing money, you may
have some explaining to do. This problem can be mitigated if you trade
multiple contracts. You can always hold some. I have tried this approach
over the years, and I've found that exiting all positions at predetermined
logical profit objectives is always better for my bottom line.
Another method you can use to accommodate runaway bull moves is to
reenter the market on pullbacks against support points on lower time
frames. Let's say you may have exited a daily position on Tuesday and you
reenter it on a half-hour chart on Thursday. What's interesting about this
approach is that even if you reenter the market at a higher price, you may
be at a safer level. That means that statistically you would be less
vulnerable to adverse volatility that could hit your stops and force you
to take a loss. This approach allows you to control risk without raising
your stops to areas likely to be hit!
Typically, I look for my lagging indicator or coincident indicators on
a higher time frame. Then I combine that indicator with my leading
indicators on a lower time frame. For example, let's say a daily pattern
that I use as a setup to go long has just occurred. I'll look at an hourly
(or less) chart to calculate the precise entry and stop placement points.
Depending upon the nature of the lagging indicator that provided the
context for the trade, I determine the strength of the market. I will then
use precalculated profit objectives on either the hourly or the daily
chart as my exit point. The approach works equally well using a half-hour
chart as a setup and dropping to a five minute chart for your leading
indicator analysis. If you're a monthly-based mutual fund trader you can
consult daily analysis to determine your entry, exit, and profit
objectives.
The lagging and coincident indicators I use to establish market trend
or direction are displaced moving averages, a combination of the MACD and
Stochastic, as well as a series of 9 price patterns. The only leading
indicators I use are, as I said, a price-predicting oscillator as well as
a specialized, advanced form of Fibonacci analysis. The more accurate your
lagging indicators are the better your results. The more accurate your
leading indicators are the better your results.
Now let's examine different types of traders to see who would be best
suited to this approach and who might not be well served by this type of
trading methodology. Let's take a fund manager with over five million
under management. Such an individual can afford to diversify over a wide
variety of markets and hedge his trading over a variety of different
systems. He has the equity to take the market drawdowns that a much
smaller trader couldn't afford and he can hire help to be there when he
wants a day off. Maybe he doesn't need this approach. On the other hand,
let's take a trader with a $25,000 to $50,000 dollar account. This trader
is often an individual who is attempting to make a living out of the
market. He is often a one-man shop and needs income from which he can pay
his bills. He may also need the support of his friends and family to
continue this enterprise. It is very difficult for your wife to understand
your explanation of a 30% win ratio and substantial losses for two months,
even if the gain on the third month outweighs the losses. A high accuracy
trading plan that shows consistent winnings avoids this issue and entices
this type of an individual back to the computer. It fosters his ability to
interact with the market in a very positive way.
Another consideration is the type of brokerage operation that may be
available to him. The influential connections that a larger trader is able
to cultivate may not be feasible for the smaller trader. We all know a one
lot in the S&P is treated differently from a 10 or a 50 lot. It may be
particularly attractive to a one or a two lot trader to have price orders
in the market at predetermined levels prior to the market getting there.
He avoids the necessity for handpicked filling brokers doing his
"bidding." In between the 50,000 and five million dollar million
account there's a lot of elbow room. Where you fit in can be dictated by
many factors. For hedging purposes this approach can be a godsend. You
eliminate all need for context since you know already that you have to own
a couple of million dollars of, say, Swiss francs or Deutschemarks . What
you do at that point is simple. Look at where you are in relation to your
leading indicators. Act or wait as the numbers dictate.
Typically, mixing leading and lagging indicators is not suited to
strict non-judgmental trading systems. It is perfectly suited, however, to
traders who allow for some level of judgment in their trading operations.
System traders have to be there day in and day out taking their signals so
that when the big move comes, it will bail out their losses. This is very
difficult on a one-man shop. However, an approach that yields a high
percentage of winning trades and that is judgmental in nature can be
picked up and traded at will, at almost any time of the year. This allows
for a lot of down time for other activities. After all, isn't that why
most of us got into trading in the first place?
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